Radio World

The offices of equipment manufacturer Inovonics are closed temporarily due to fires in its part of California.

“For those of you who have read about the CZU Complex Fire in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, we wanted to let you know that we are fine,” wrote company President/CEO Ben Barber in an email to customers today. “Thankfully, everyone at Inovonics is healthy and safe from harm.

“The Inovonics factory in Felton is also fine although located in the evacuation zone. As a result our offices are closed temporarily.”

He thanked industry colleagues who had expressed concern, and said the company will respond to communications remotely through email for the time being. Tech support issues should be sent to tech@inovonicsbroadcast.com while sales inquires are being answered at sales@inovonicsbroacast.com.

“Order Processing: For those with pending orders, we will ship as soon as we are able and will keep you informed as information becomes available,” Barber wrote. “Stay tuned as they say in the radio biz…”

 

The post Inovonics Factory Affected by Evacuation Zone appeared first on Radio World.

It’s a good thing that U.S. radio stations now have a couple of extra weeks to explore their reimbursement options for tweaking their satellite infrastructures. Those options are part of the C Band repack supporting national expansion of 5G, and there are plenty of questions flying around about it, which is natural because there are thousands of dollars involved.

Radio World is featuring a series of Q&As with various participants around the industry. (Read recent background here).

We asked John Joslin, director of sales and marketing at satellite hardware supplier Dawnco, for his take on it.

Radio World: For the typical U.S. radio station, what is the lump sum amount that they’re being offered?

John Joslin: Most radio stations will get [approximately] $9,000 or $17,000 per registered satellite antenna.

Email a picture of the feedhorn on each dish to Dawnco, and we can identify which amount makes sense for each dish. You can make the determination yourself by looking up in the front of each dish, to see the feedhorn that the C Band LNB bolts onto. If the feedhorn has only one port with one CLNB bolted to it, your lump sum is $9K; when the feedhorn has two ports with two CLNBs bolted to it, your lump sum is $17K.

Sometimes, the feedhorn has two ports with one CLNB bolted to it and a cover plate over the second port; this is a dual-polarization feedhorn and may qualify for the $17K lump sum.

RW: Do you think these amounts are fair, too much, too little? How does it compare to the hardware outlay for a typical station?

Joslin: The vast majority of dish-registered radio stations will have tons of money left over with the lump sum, if their existing dishes are good. And even if they buy a new dish they’ll have money left over after getting the lump sum. The 5G C Band repack will require most radio stations to install less than $2K of new filters and parts per dish, if the current satellite antennas are in good condition with plenty of signal quality margin.

If the old dish is not performing well now, you’ll probably need to buy a new 3.7 meter dish package for less than $5K. For a small number of radio stations with roof-mounted dishes that need to be replaced, the lump sum may cover most but not all expenses, due to the high cost of roof-mounting structures.

RW: Do you think most stations will choose the lump option?

John Joslin

Joslin: When they know all the facts, nearly all radio station decision-makers will choose the lump sum payment, which gives them surplus money after buying all needed filters and parts. The only other option is to have the big satellite owners (SES and bankrupt Intelsat) provide filters and gear to them, which leaves no opportunity for surplus money for the radio station.

The $17K lump sum even makes sense for the few stations that need expensive roof structures to hold new dishes on the roof.

Some stations may miss the lump sum opportunity because their dishes were not previously registered, or they missed the lump sum filing deadline [now Sept. 14], or they weren’t given enough time to learn all of the facts.

RW: What happens next if a qualified station chooses the lump sum option?

Joslin: Radio stations must act quickly to decide they want the lump sum, then immediately make their lump sum filing with the FCC before the Sept. 14 deadline.

Call Dawnco or email us a picture of the dish-feedhorn, and we can help determine if the dish qualifies for $9K or $17K lump sum. We put all stations in touch with a respected Washington, D.C. area firm, who has the experience and connections to handle the lump sum filing, priced at $1,250 plus $75 per dish. Our recommended firm is very familiar with this FCC filing process. They are very likely to get stations the amount they are entitled to.

If you file yourself and make an error, you may not get what you need.

RW: What happens next if a qualified station does not opt for the lump sum option?

Joslin: When a station doesn’t take the lump sum or misses the filing deadline, their only other option is to have the big satellite owners (again, SES and Intelsat) provide filters and gear to them.

They will need to log onto the website for the big company that owns the satellite they are receiving signals from (usually SES for radio), navigate to the 5G C Band repack page, and enter a request for filters and equipment. There will be procedures to follow, questions to answer, and a wait time for obtaining answers.

At some point the big satellite company will ship the needed filters and gear, for the station to install themselves. Upon request, the big satellite company can schedule a roving crew to pass by the station for a quick installation of the filters.

RW: What option if any is available to stations that did NOT register their earth stations in the earlier window for that?

Joslin: The FCC documentation makes clear that the lump sum is not available to sites that did not previously register their satellite antennas with the FCC.

Unregistered sites can make a request for free filters to the big satellite company that they are receiving signals from (usually SES for radio). It is not clear if the big satellite company will provide filters or other gear to unregistered sites (time will tell).

Hundreds of radio stations did not register any of their dishes, or improperly registered for only some of the dishes they own. [Related: “SBE Issues Reminder for C Band Dish Users“]

Many unregistered sites are only finding out now that they made a big error, which may cost them thousands of dollars for new equipment needed to cope with the mandated 5G C Band repack. [Related: “C Band Repack Could Be Costly for Many Radio Stations“]

Many stations have expressed how they didn’t know they had to register, or didn’t realize that not registering would expose them to big costs. I guess the unregistered sites can talk to their congressmen to try for some political pressure on the FCC to extend the registration date.

RW: What support if any are the satellite operators, radio syndicators like Westwood One or networks like NPRSS providing to these stations?

Joslin: We speak to many radio station owners and engineers each day. At this point in mid-August, many individual stations are just now hearing about the 5G C Band transition, and realizing that it will affect them. The vast majority of radio stations do not realize that 60% of C Band for satellite will be removed within three years, or that filters will need to be installed in front of every single C Band LNB.

Management at the big station groups are aware of the 5G C band transition, but some are not aware of all of the details of Lump Sum compared to getting filters from the satellite operators.

RW: What recommendations are you making to radio stations about this decision?

Joslin: File for the lump sum if it is available to you. Don’t choose the option of using the big satellite companies, unless it is your only option.

RW: You mentioned confusion in the marketplace.

Joslin: Here is an interesting conversation I just had with a radio station that addresses one of the questions you asked me earlier. We presented our customer with an explanation of the lump sum opportunity. He had recently called to Westwood One, asking what he should do, regarding the 5G C Band repack. They told him to do nothing. We told him that because he had already registered his two satellite dishes, he was qualified for a $26K lump sum payment for his radio station ($9K + $17K).

Both of his dishes are in great shape, so his only cost for his rural site is $1,600 for two filters. He walks away with a surplus of $24K that he can put in his pocket. If he had taken the advice of the Westwood One representative, he would have been entitled to two free filters but zero surplus money. There seems to be some misinformation out there.

[A Westwood One official told Radio World on background that the syndicator is “not advising people/stations on what they should do on the lump sum decision. That’s their own decision to make.”  Radio World shortly will publish a Q&A with Westwood One’s Eric Wiler about the company’s perspectives on the reimbursement program.] 

RW: What else should we know?

I just saw a Radio World article stating that stations have the ability to get reimbursement from the FCC Clearinghouse using the cost catalog, which is not exactly true. Stations can ask the big satellite companies to provide needed filters and equipment.

SES or bankrupt Intelsat can file with the FCC Clearinghouse using the cost catalog, to obtain reimbursement for the cost of equipment they give to the stations. For example, SES and Intelsat will be reimbursed up to $900 for each C Band bandpass filter they provide to stations.

By the way, think what would be possible if that $8 billion bonus money to the big satellite operators, was instead equally divided by the 15,000 satellite antennas in the USA. It would be $533K for every dish!

[Related: “Lump Sum Option May Not Be Best for All”]

 

The post Dawnco Urges Stations to “Take the Lump Sum” appeared first on Radio World.

Engineers discuss the impact of the ’Rona on capital expenditures. Alfred Liggins explains why Urban One isn’t moving ahead on tests for all-digital AM. Linda Baun retires from the WBA. RadioDNS pursues a consistent look for radio in the dashboard. And Buyer’s Guide explores codecs and STLs.

Read It Online Here.

Prefer to do your reading offline? No problem! Simply click on the digital edition, go to the left corner and choose the download button to get a PDF version.

Tech Management

Infrastructure Spending Is Slammed by Pandemic

The impact of the crisis on the radio technology marketplace in the United States has been severe.

New Gear

Summer of Products!

A dozen new and recent offerings from companies like Inovonics, Moseley, AEQ, Angry Audio and Digigram.

Also in this issue:

• Snippets From “World Audio Day”
• Build This XLR Cable Tester
• RadioDNS Aims to Establish Metadata Consistency

 

The post Inside the August 19 Issue of Radio World appeared first on Radio World.

Is your radio station’s online political file in order? If not, don’t expect the FCC to believe later that you didn’t see enforcement coming.

The Federal Communications Commission Media Bureau has just cranked out yet more consent decree agreements with owners of seven stations whose license renewal applications have been held up because of investigations into management of their online political files.

This continues a recent broad campaign by the FCC that seems intended to raise awareness of the rules without yet imposing financial penalties.

The spate of consent decrees, which comes in a national election year, could also be read to suggest that many broadcasters had been out of compliance in the past before new online systems made it easier for the FCC to keep track.

The consent decrees all involve owners acknowledging that their stations were not in compliance and promising to implement programs and to report to the FCC about them over a limited period of time. The FCC in turn removes its “hold” from the license renewal applications.

Roughly 30 such announcements have been made. The FCC began last month by announcing six “big name” companies that had numerous station renewals in process. The most recent have involved companies with one or a handful of current renewals.

This batch includes Third Partner Broadcasting, Acadia Broadcast Partners, Stannard Broadcasting, Radio Hendersonville, and Dr. Pepper Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of Dyersburg.

[Updated: As of Aug. 24 the FCC has also announced settlements with licensees Mitchell Community Broadcast, Rose Ann Marx, Ad-Venture Media, Lafayette Broadcasting, Fleur De Lis Broadcasting, Midwest Communications and Princeton Broadcasting.]

The post Yet More Settlements in Political File “Derelictions” appeared first on Radio World.

The author is chief engineer of Monadnock Broadcasting Group and Saga Communications in Keene, N.H.

Mark Johnson is a good source for information about the C-Band repack [“Lump Sum Option May Not Be Best for All”].

That said, most of the radio syndication providers on SES-11 are staying put or changing frequencies to another transponder of same polarity. So it’ll be a no brainer.

For those in the biggest urban centers who will see 5G turned up the soonest, installing the 5G waveguide mounted filter Is a rather trivial matter.

For those not in the hottest urban areas, there will be lots more time for future filter installation.

Tweaking cross polarization and nudging aim to maximize signal quality can be done using one of the satellite receivers brought to the dish or a spectrum analyzer if an experienced engineer is on staff, but likely won’t be needed.

That said, a “Ma and Pa” station might want to not take the money and rather get full carefree service.

Comment on this or any letter. Email radioworld@futurenet.com with “Letter to the Editor” in the subject field.

The post Letter: Lump Sum Decision a “No Brainer” for Most Stations appeared first on Radio World.

The author is president of Tom Ray Broadcast Consulting.

In 2018, it was coming time for a new main transmitter at WJMJ(FM) Radio in Hartford, Conn., owned by the Archdiocese of Hartford.

Father John Gatzak wanted to further the message of WJMJ to the community and wanted to go HD Radio. Looking at the situation, we looked to see if we could move WJMJ’s transmitter because the signal skimmed the top of Avon Mountain, causing a shadow in the city of license, and the HD coverage would have been poor, at best.

We found that not only could we move the transmitter to Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington, Conn., but we would be able to go from a Class B1 to a full Class B.

While this was good news, we were now presented with an issue. We needed to transport three stereo channels of audio up to Rattlesnake, preferably via microwave STL. And I wanted to have an IP backup in the event of a failure of the RF side. We knew we had a shot to Rattlesnake because we had a Moseley Starlink STL repeater at the site, as we could not see the old main site from the studios in Prospect, Conn.

Linear Stereo

Looking at the systems available, we chose to go with the Moseley Starlink SL9003QHP-8SLAN. There were many reasons, not the least of which was Moseley’s reputation for building rock-solid products.

WJMJ, while being a religious station, runs a ’70s, ’80s and ’90s format, with many other genres of music mixed in including a classical block, in addition to religious programming on Sundays. So the main analog channel and the HD1 audio quality were of prime concern.

The Starlink would allow us to have a linear stereo channel with no data compression for the main channel audio — perfect.

Doing so would allow running the other two stereo channels at 192 kHz data rate, AAC audio. From experience, I know that the AAC algorithm plays nicely with the HD Radio codec. The plan would be to put Eternal World Network in Spanish on the HD2, which would be evolved into a local Hispanic channel in the near future, and to put Eternal World Radio Network on the HD3.

While both are primarily talk oriented, the HD subs are currently being run in mono — but the stereo capability of the Starlink would allow us to take those channels stereo in the future. Even at 192 kB AAC from the STL, the HD subchannels, running at 32 kB each, sound surprisingly good.

The Starlink is capable of transporting four stereo audio channels in the RF channel (or eight mono audio channels), and four stereo IP channels from one end to the other.

From the factory, the Starlink came configured with the RF channels the way I wanted them. The hard part was configuring the IP channels.

Word of warning — make sure you put the IP side of the Starlink behind a good firewall router, and open only the ports necessary. I initially was given an IP link to the outside world — naked — which worked for about 20 minutes, then the entire unit on the transmit side started rebooting, including the RF side.

Working with the Moseley tech support crew showed that our connection was being attacked with people trying to break in. The resultant overload of the IP side was causing the unit to reboot on a regular basis — we’re talking roughly every 30 seconds. Once it was behind a firewall, everything has been fine.

The audio side of the Starlink is based on Moseley Rincon technology.

My pet peeve with the system is that you need to read multiple manuals — including the Rincon manual — to learn to set up the IP streams correctly. Each stream requires setting up a profile describing the codec and data rate to be used, so you need to understand your available IP bandwidth before you start. Each stream requires its own separate IP port from transmit to receive side, so you will need to open up the necessary ports in your router to the receiver — in our case, we opened three.

Robust

Once the unit was correctly set up — and it took a little trial and error to do so — the IP streams have been solid. In fact, I put them on the air recently when we had the antennas realigned after the TV repack, as there are five TV stations on the tower we are on and there was much activity near our antenna. The streams were solid and sounded good on the air during the realignment.

The RF side of the Starlink SL9003QHP-8SLAN features 5 W of output, as opposed to the 1 W of output featured in the older versions of the Starlink system. This adds robustness to the digital signal at the receiver — in our case, the shot is approximately 16 miles.

It has been on the air almost two years now, and I can count the data errors on one hand. This is through thunderstorms, ice storms, snow and heavy rain. I haven’t gotten that panic call yet where the digital STL audio quits.

The Starlink SL9003QHP-8SLAN can be accessed through a web browser and through SNMP. The disappointing part of this is that you can only access the Rincon (audio) part of the system. You cannot control the RF side nor see the RF parameters. Moseley really needs to address this, as having this information available via web browser would be quite helpful when trouble arises.

It would also be nice if the Starlink allowed automatic switching to the IP streams, but alas, this is not the case, so we have external switching in place to do so.

A nice feature of the Starlink is that you can set up any output to be whatever audio source you desire  — IP or radio. We use the AES outputs for the analog/HD1, the HD2 and the HD3 and I feed the main channel audio AES to the Starlink transmitter feeding the backup site. I have the analog audio ports set up so that the main channel audio feeds a backup audio processor, and the HD subs feed the analog input ports on the HD subchannel processors as backup.

Overall, the value and quality we received for the money we paid, and the reputation of Moseley products and support, have given us a reliable STL that does exactly what we need. Now, if Moseley could just give us a full manual with all the answers in one place, I’ll be a very happy camper.

The Moseley Starlink SL9003QHP-8SLAN is an excellent choice for your multichannel HD operation or to just feed audio to more than one station.

Radio World User Reports are testimonial articles intended to help readers understand why a colleague chose a particular product to solve a technical situation.

For information, contact Bill Gould at 805-968-9621 ext. 785, email sales@moseleysb.com or visit www.moseleysb.com.

 

 

The post User Report: Starlink Digital STL Solves Problem for WJMJ appeared first on Radio World.

With the COVID-19 pandemic continuing for the foreseeable future, creating clean and safe work spaces for audio pros of all professions will be a key concern for broadcast and recording studios, live music venues, houses of worship and other common spaces that use microphones and other pro audio gear that is used by multiple people. With that in mind, On-Stage has introduced its new DSA8000 Microphone Cleanser and the DSA3200 Multi-Surface Cleanser Refill.

The DSA8000 Microphone Cleanser is said to feature a formula that is both alcohol- and fragrance-free, and reportedly helps reduce the spread of bacteria and germs. Designed for safe use on essentially all gear, the cleanser does not leave behind a scent or sticky residue.

[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]

Packed into an 8-ounce fine mist spray bottle, the solution can be sprayed directly on surfaces or applied to a cloth and wiped on more fragile gear items, such as microphones, mixers and other electronics.

For more broad applications, the new DSA3200 Multi-Surface Cleanser Refill is intended for use in studios and venues as a bulk refill option for smaller fine mist spray bottles. The cleanser safely reduces the spread of common bacteria and germs on most surfaces.

“Studio owners, venue operators, DJs, and anyone else operating a business where microphones are regularly used, now have cleanliness front of mind,” said Jason Joyal, product line manager for On-Stage. “Our new range of cleansers is an easy way to help them stay on top of their cleaning needs and make sure everyone at their establishment stays safe.”

A longtime manufacturer of solutions for professional musicians, audio engineers, music producers, touring professionals, DJs and educational institutions, On-Stage is a division of The Music People Inc.

Info: www.on-stage.com

 

The post On-Stage Launches New Microphone Cleansers appeared first on Radio World.

Using controls developed in VisTool.

From our Who’s Buying What page comes this look into a new Lawo installation for Brazilian broadcaster Rádio Itatiaia.

The supplier says the broadcaster installed a new routing system to switch, process and distribute programming from its headquarters in Belo Horizonte. Rádio Itatiaia supports a network of 52 affiliate stations in the state of Minas Gerais.

The new system uses Lawo’s Power Core mixing engines, Nova17 routing frames and custom touchscreen controls that were designed with Lawo VisTool Unlimited graphical control software. Rádio Partes did the integration.

“Project planning began in 2018, with the goal of replacing an aging digital router with a true AES67 system that could work with AoIP equipment from a variety of manufacturers, and be easily expanded to accommodate future needs,” Lawo stated in a press release. The system uses the Ravenna networking protocol.

“Itatiaia also wanted a system with DSP capabilities to enable audio shaping of sources on-the-fly, and, being a network content provider, operational redundancy at every level.”

Redundancy is provided by two Lawo Power Core engines, each paired with a Nova17 routing frame with dual redundant master control/interface cards that are interconnected via mirrored MADI backbones, with automatic failover from the primary to the secondary system in case of a fault. Control also is redundant, with physical controls via rack-mounted KSC controller panels and then touchscreen PCs with VisTool graphical control software.

A Host at Rádio Itatiaia

A PTP grand master handles synchronization, with a Lawo A__mic8 unit providing backup clocking.

Rádio Itatiaia’s Vice President Cláudio Carneiro was quoted in the announcement saying, “The ability to integrate with our existing AoIP mixing desks as well as Dante devices using Ravenna with AES67 is unprecedented.”

Lawo posted a case study on the Rádio Itatiaia project at its website.

See more Who’s Buying What stories here. Radio World welcomes news about recent installations including studios, RF and all other technical operations; email radioworld@futurenet.com.

 

The post Brazil’s Rádio Itatiaia Has New Lawo System appeared first on Radio World.

Webcasting platform Live365 recently hosted a “World Audio Day 2020” conference, a virtual event about a range of audio topics and trends.

Here’s a sampling, with info on how to find the full archive online:

Future of podcasting: A panel discussion explored impediments to increasing podcast audiences These include the need for Android smartphone users to install podcasting client software on their handsets before they can access this content, a problem akin to buying a software-based radio with AM reception standard but where FM tuning has to be downloaded.

“When you buy an Android device off the shelf, there’s isn’t a podcast client on it,” said Rob Walch, VP of podcaster relations at Libsyn.

Rob Walch is VP of podcaster relations at Libsyn.

Having a native podcasting app matters: “The last big inflection point in podcasting was 2014 when Apple’s iOS 8 came out with a native podcast player app. That really helped podcasting get to where it is today.”

Language barrier: Attracting listeners to the Live365 Latin music stream “The Sounds of Brazil” is an ongoing challenge for station Creative Director Scott Adams. Since the songs generally are in Portuguese, selling this content globally based on the lyrics is out.

To solve this marketing problem, Adams promotes his internet radio station using tags such as Smooth Jazz, Latin Jazz and Contemporary Jazz. They give non-Portuguese speaking listeners many reasons to tune in.

“It’s all about crossover and outreach,” Adams said during a station marketing panel. “Everything has to be relatable to the listener … (They) may not be able to relate to songs sung in Portuguese, but they can certainly relate to Rio’s sun-kissed beaches.”

Create your persona: Radio station imaging was front and center in a content creation and production libraries session; specifically how effective imaging can create an alluring station persona in the listeners’ minds.

Matthew Anderson is director of custom imaging at Benztown.

To make this happen, “you need to look at your radio station as its own person,” said Matthew Anderson, director of custom imaging at Benztown.

“The voiceover that you choose and the creative copy that you write is the voice of that person,” he explained. “So who do you want to be?”

It’s like Christmas every day: The year-round popularity of seasonal music was explored in a station formats session, as explained by panelist Bud Kress. He is the owner/operator of Live365’s “That Christmas Channel,” which plays holiday music 24/7.

“We’re constantly playing the biggest hits of Christmas and more,” said Kress. Even in the “off season” between January through August, “we’re still maintaining a nice audience. There are people listening to Christmas all year long.”

Mutual harm: RealNetworks Founder Paul Glaser mused on the music industry’s inability to find common ground on content streaming, and the money-making opportunities they missed as a result, during a discussion of the history of internet radio.

“The music industry resembles nothing more than a circular firing squad in terms of how it works,” Glaser said. “What we saw play out over a 15-year process was a very Darwinian process.”

How to Watch

The event was held not long after the pandemic hit the United States hard. Its goal was to bring together voices from internet radio and AM/FM broadcasting, podcasting, monetization to legality, programming and marketing.

Live365 said thousands of people tuned in. Justin Ruoff, vice president of operations, said, “We set out to try to plan a full teleconference in just three weeks time due to the circumstances going on right now in the world. To see dozens of organizations and industry leaders, as well as thousands of webcasters and fans, pull together for an amazing day of information sharing goes to show just how special this community is.”

The panel discussions are available on YouTube. The content is broken down into topics such as Content Creation & Production Libraries; Station Formats; Station Marketing; History of Internet Radio; Ad Tech; and SoundExchange Overview.

 

The post Snippets From “World Audio Day” appeared first on Radio World.

Wayne Pecena

The Society of Broadcast Engineers has tallied the votes and determined that sitting President Wayne Pecena has been re-elected to serve a second term as the society’s president.

Pecena, CPBE, 8-VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNE, is the associate director of educational broadcast services at Texas A&M University, which operates the KAMU(FM/TV) public broadcast stations. He is a member of SBE Chapter 99 in College Station, Texas.

[Read: SBE Takes Its National Meeting Online]

“I look to my second term as our industry and our personal lives have experienced change and challenge like never before,” Pecena said. “I want to ensure the society brings a sense of normalcy to our members. This uniformity is accomplished through our professional development continuing education, certification and frequency coordination programs, while making the right decisions for change in the future to insure continued value to our members.”

Other results from the election included Andrea Cummis, CBT, CTO of Chapter 15 New York, Roseland, N.J., being elected as vice president; Kevin Trueblood, CBRE, CBNT of Chapter 90 Southwest Fla., Ft. Myers, Fla., as secretary; and Ted Hand, CPBE, 8-VSB, AMD, DRB of Chapter 45 Charlotte, Charlotte, N.C., as treasurer. All were elected to one-year terms that will start on Sept. 23.

Jim Leifer, CPBE, of Andover, Md., continues as immediate past president.

The following individuals were elected to two-year terms on the SBE Board of Directors, also starting Sept. 23:

• Stephen Brown, CPBE, CBNT; Chapter 80 Fox Valley, Appleton, Wis.;
• Roswell “Roz” Clark, CPBE, CBNT; Chapter 39 Tampa Bay Area, Clearwater, Fla.;
• Kirk Harnack, CBRE, CBNE; Chapter 103 Nashville, Nashville, Tenn.;
• Thomas McGinley, CPBE, AMD, CBNT; Chapter 16 Seattle, Missoula, Mont.;
• Shane Toven, CBRE, CBNT; Chapter 43 Sacramento, Antelope, Calif.;
• Fred Willard, CPBE, 8-VSB, CBNT; Chapter 37 District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.

The national board of directors for SBE is responsible for the development of policy and determines the programs and services the society provides to its members.

 

 

The post Wayne Pecena Re-Elected SBE President appeared first on Radio World.

The Federal Communications Commission is giving U.S. broadcasters (and other earth station operators) a couple of extra weeks to figure out whether to take lump-sum payments for moving their satellite dishes.

Its Wireless Bureau on Thursday extended the deadline to Sept. 14, responding to a request from the Society of Broadcast Engineers.

SBE had asked for a one-month extension, citing the pandemic but more importantly the complexity of this decision for broadcasters. Earth station operators, it said, have to gather extensive information about their operations, perform “complex analyses,” and secure internal corporate approval.

[Related: “Lump Sum Decision Causes Engineers Headaches”]

But Donald Stockdale, chief of the Wireless Bureau, wrote in today’s order that Auction 107 is scheduled to begin Dec. 8; that’s the big auction that the commission will conduct to facilitate the rollout of 5G. He said applicants for 3.7 GHz licenses face an application deadline of their own in late September. Meanwhile satellite operators need to know which stations will select lump-sum payments as they prepare to transition their operations to 4.0-4.2 GHz.

He wrote that the extension to Sept. 14 “best balances” the needs of the various industries.

John Joslin of satellite services company Dawnco said this is good news.

“We can ramp up our efforts to tell many hundred more stations. The magazine articles will be given more time to reach people. Word of mouth will be given more time to reach people. Stations will actually be able to make an informed decision. This changes things a lot.”

U.S. stations have been asking questions of their attorneys and infrastructure providers about the about lump sum decision, trying to figure out the right choice for their individual situations. For receive-only earth stations with a single-feed antenna, the lump amount would be about $9,000, and with a multi-feed antenna it would be just under $17,000.

 

The post Lump-Sum Decision Deadline Extended Two Weeks appeared first on Radio World.

A new report by Nielsen, “La Oportunidad Latinx,” reveals that radio is a powerful tool for reaching the loyal and savvy Latinx consumer.

Nielsen says it uses the term Latinx as a gender-neutral term, a more inclusive alternative to Latino.

The report found that radio is the medium that the Latinx market continues to gravitate toward. According to the Nielsen report, radio has the highest weekly reach among adult Hispanics, at 96% versus 92% for the total population. The survey also found that regardless of the media channel — be it audio, video or digital — the use of smartphone devices outreaches the use of PCs or tablets by large margins.

In understanding this market, it’s key to understand this market’s interest in music, the report found. Hispanic adults have the highest share of time spent on audio/video, at 69%. In contrast to the total U.S. population, adults report spending only 54% of their online time consuming audio/video.

[Read: Keeping Afloat in the Age of the Coronavirus]

With nearly 100% of Hispanics listening to some form of audio on a weekly basis — either on radio, smartphones or tablet — the report found that music/audio platforms should be a centerpiece of messages aiming to reach Latinx consumers.

Diving down deeper into smartphone usage, the report found that Latinx consumers are 51% more likely than the general population to have used their phone to listen to a local radio station, and 41% more likely to have used it to listen to internet radio. They are also 29% more likely to have listened to an online music service like Pandora or Spotify.

The report also found that users of voice-activated devices like Amazon Echo and Google Home are among music’s fastest-growing consumer bases. Hispanics make up 23% of those consumers that trend to early tech adoption, which is greater than their share of the total population.

The Nielsen report shares an example of how radio can be used to maximize reach within the Hispanic market. One advertiser, which had previously only advertised on TV, shifted 60% of its ad budget to radio. The move led to a 77% incremental increase in reaching Latinx listeners.

The report cites another local campaign in which another TV-only advertiser added Spanish radio to their media mix. Even without spending additional budget on their ad campaign, the move increased their reach to consumers by 57%, the report found.

The Latinx market is a powerful one, according to Nielsen. By 2023, the buying power of the United States Latinx population is expected to top $1.9 trillion. The 60 million Hispanics living in the United States constitute nearly a fifth of the total U.S. population. And Latinx consumers — the youngest minority group, with a median age of just 28 — are swiftly approaching their peak earning years, accounting for 75% of all U.S. labor force growth over the last six years, the report said.

A blog entry by Westwood One on the Nielsen survey noted that allocating 10% of an English-only buy to Spanish AM/FM radio generated a +41% reach increase among Spanish speakers.

“AM/FM radio makes your TV better,” wrote Pierre Bouvard, chief insights officer at Westwood One, part of radio station group owner Cumulus Media. “On average, allocating 20% of TV buy to AM/FM radio causes a massive +29% increase in Hispanic reach.”

He also highlighted the Nielsen survey’s finding that in a local market, the ability to reach Hispanics aged 18–49 increases dramatically when a TV-only buy is remixed with 60% of the budget moved to Spanish AM/FM radio.

 

The post Highlighting Radio’s Role in the Latinx Market appeared first on Radio World.

[Update: The FCC on Thursday responded to the SBE request described below with a two-week extension; read about it here.]

“Give us more time.”

That’s what the SBE is asking the FCC on behalf of engineers and broadcast stations.

A lot of radio engineers are asking a lot of questions right now about those tempting lump sum payments for migrating their C-Band earth stations, trying to figure out the right choice for their individual situation by the end of August. The Society of Broadcast Engineers has asked the Federal Communications Commission to extend the Aug. 31 deadline by a month.

The discussion applies to owners of C-Band satellite earth stations who registered antennas earlier and are eligible for cost reimbursement; in an order in July they were given the option to submit actual costs for reimbursement or apply for a lump-sum reimbursement.

SBE says the deadline of Aug. 31 to decide is insufficient for broadcasters and their engineers.

The background: The FCC’s auction in the 3.7-4.0 GHz segment is set for December. The FCC is moving earth stations in the fixed satellite service to the 200 MHz at 4.0–4.2 GHz, requiring a repack of FSS earth stations. Under the program, new 5G commercial mobile licensees will reimburse “reasonable relocation costs” of eligible, incumbent operators including earth station operators, to move out of 3.7-4.0 and into the 4.0-4.2 GHz segment.

Earth station operators are reimbursed through the Wireless Bureau based on a published cost catalog.

Here is a link to the public notice of the final cost schedule. Here is a link to the appendix with costs.

But the SBE writes: “While the Report and Order was released March 3, 2020, neither the Public Notice announcing the process, nor the Cost Catalog, was released until July 30, 2020, almost four months later.

“Because the Public Notice specified 30 days for a large number of broadcasters and broadcast engineers to evaluate, prepare and submit their election for lump sum payments, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has kept many from their workplaces, the SBE made the motion for the filing extension.”

It said an extension shouldn’t affect the auction timetable.

Companies that work in satellite infrastructure are getting tons of questions.

“We have been slammed to calls from cable TV companies and broadcasters, all asking for advice on filing for the lump sum,” said John Joslin of Dawnco in an email to Radio World.

“We actually talk for 20 to 40 minutes with each caller, to help them understand the implications of choosing the Lump Sum option. We are referring our customers to a firm in Washington D.C. that provides expert help in filing for the FCC Lump Sum payment. They charge $1,250 plus $75 for each dish to make the filing.”

Joslin emphasized that barring an extension, there is little time left for stations to get their lump sums of roughly $9,000 or $17,000 per dish. “They have to talk to their FCC attorney, or use the firm in Washington that Dawnco recommends. They need to do this now. If they don’t register before August 31, they miss out on the lump sum.”

Separately, LinkUp Communications posted a discussion on its blog earlier this month. It described the lump sum amounts as “quite generous,” citing for example the compensation for opting out a receive-only single-feed antenna at $8,948 per antenna.

“If you have dozens of C-band downlinks in your network, it would be so tempting to accept the lump sum payment and worry about filters or repointing of the downlinks later,” the company wrote.

“But here’s the deal: If you take the cash, you are solely responsible for the installation of filters, upgrades, repoints and the like at your downlink sites.”

The company, which offers services in this area, said users who “hire a reliable, seasoned crew of satellite technicians to assist” will probably be OK; but it warned against traveling teams of technicians – “we called them satellite cowboys” – who may not have the necessary experience. (Read more comments from the company’s Mark Johnson.)

LinkUp’s advice: “If you don’t want the headache of dealing with the details associated with the C-band repack, let the satellite owners handle it. All updates to your downlinks will be covered at no expense to you. And you can be assured that the work will be completed correctly. But if you choose to collect the lump sum, don’t waste your time hiring a company that may not have the skill set to handle the work. Make sure you contract with experienced satellite professionals so the job is done right.”

The post Lump Sum Decision Causes Engineer Headaches appeared first on Radio World.

Many U.S. radio engineers are asking questions about whether to take a lump sum reimbursement from the FCC’s C-Band migration program. As you’ll recall, the FCC recently published a “cost category schedule” that describes potential expenses and costs that users of earth stations may incur as a result of the C Band repack.

Mark Johnson of LinkUp Communications wrote a blog post recently, cautioning stations about some possible downsides.

We followed up to ask Johnson whether he thinks the proposed reimbursements are fair and what the downsides might be of taking the lump sum option. (The deadline is Sept. 14 after the FCC granted a two-week extension.)

Johnson replied by email:

“Two weeks ago they published the final ‘Cost Catalog,’ and the Lump Sum payment is generous. It also maintains your frequency protection at 4000 MHz to 4200 MHz after the Mid Band Transition is complete. Radio stations see this as a welcome surprise. However they are curious about the ‘catch.’

“Fair is a relative term,” Johnson continued. “If you only need to install a filter and your antenna is in good shape it would be very fair. However if you have to move your antenna and the antenna is old and rusty the ‘Lump Sum’ would not cover the cost of installing a new antenna with a new filter.

“Our team is a proponent of satellite technology for broadcasters. For two years we have been working behind the scenes with SES, Intelsat, Telesat and the SBE to inform broadcasters of this coming 5G tsunami. C-band is often the major content delivery system for commercial and non-commercial broadcasters across the country. Some stations take the majority of their programming from their C-band downlink. Recreating that locally or installing fiber are outrageously expensive options compared to the low cost of a C-band downlink,” he said.

“The downside is that if you had to move or replace your antenna at some point in the process of the 5G rollout you would be responsible for any and all costs to be compliant.

“There are two major things to understand,” Johnson continued. “First there are a serious of deadlines that they must keep on their calendars. Second, stay in touch with the networks who are the actual customers of SES, Intelsat and Telesat, they will be able to keep you informed regarding the timing of your receivers’ dual illumination period and frequency change.”

Johnson added these notable dates:

-Sept. 14, 2020 Earth Station (downlink) owner must decide whether to participate in the satellite owner transition or opt out for lump sum.

-December 08, 2020 —  Auction begins

-December 05, 2021 — Phase 1 deadline: 3700-3820 to be cleared in 46 top PEAs

-December 05, 2023 — Phase 2 deadline: 3700-4000 to be clear nationally

-December 05, 2025 — Sunset of all FSS license protection for 3700-4000

Read related letter to the editor here.

Comment on this or any story. Email radioworld@futurenet.com.

 

 

 

The post Lump Sum Option May Not Be Best for All appeared first on Radio World.

The author is president of NIA Broadcasting in Jacksonville, Fla.

NIA Broadcasting has long understood the value that HD Radio can bring to a broadcaster’s audience and brand. Following successful HD Radio launches at two of our FM stations, we turned our attention to WYKB(FM), a classic country radio station serving the greater Jacksonville market.

The WYKB HD Radio launch was part of a complete system upgrade covering the transmission facility and STL connectivity. For the latter, we transitioned from a pure analog microwave STL link to a hybrid GatesAir Intraplex networking system with a digitized microwave STL, IP codecs, and redundant streaming capabilities. The complete system also includes a new GatesAir air-cooled transmitter equipped with HD Radio Gen4 transport and processing systems.

The new STL architecture is built to withstand local atmospheric conditions that create unusual operating challenges. This includes tropospheric inversions, a rare temperature-related phenomenon that can create waveguide-like reactions within radio signals. Those reactions can cause the WYKB signal to suddenly be heard in markets far beyond our region.

While tropospheric inversions only happen several times each year, it is a problem that requires attention. We not only needed an STL system that could carry HD and FM program audio (as well as program-associated data), but one that also consistently problem-solved any negative inversion effects.

Working with GatesAir, we designed an interesting solution that addresses those two key requirements while adding greater redundancy and resiliency. And, we achieved this in a way that retained our existing Intraplex HD Link 950 MHz STL, leveraging its integrated IP channel option to carry HD Radio data.

GatesAir Intraplex IP Link MPXp

The HD Link microwave connection is spliced with an Intraplex IP Link MPXp codec, using its digital AES192 transport functionality to transport HD and composite FM signals over the public internet. A GatesAir IP Connect device transports the E2X (exporter-to-exciter) data to the transmitter over this same connection, with all systems leveraging GatesAir’s Dynamic Stream Splicing software for redundancy. This software ensures that each connection can borrow packets from each other to repair streams, and is the secret sauce to the new system’s rock-solid reliability.

It’s important to stress that the two transport streams are active 24/7 and almost act as a single, combined primary link (versus main/backup), as the dual IP streams are technically spliced together. This is critical in a region like northern Florida, where long-term power and service outages are possible. There is also the very real possibility of wind-damaged STL dishes from hurricanes and tropical storms. If we have a hit on the STL or the public internet, the audience will not notice, supporting GatesAir’s claim as a “hitless” solution. There is no glitch, no on-air hiccup, and no switching between stream required.

This is also true when potential problems are self-made, such as when we recently changed IP addresses on our fiber line. Traditionally, that work would have taken place at 3 a.m. with the station off the air. With Dynamic Stream Splicing, we handled this in daylight with the station on the air — and with no audible effect on the listening experience.

Using this configuration, we can also maintain the highest possible audio quality. While the IP Link MPXp offers an analog composite MPX output, we opted for AES192 to keep everything purely digital and uncompressed. The HD Link is itself a broadband system that natively passes uncompressed audio. The upgrade effectively ends all analog program signal transport to the transmitter site.

GatesAir Intraplex HD Link digital STL

As technical as the new system sounds on paper, the new Intraplex system was configured and functional within 24 hours. This includes new IP Link MPXp codecs and HD Link digital radios at the studio and transmitter sites, as well as the studio-based IP Connect device.

The IP Connect is vital to the operation, as it creates an IP path to reliably move HD Radio data from studio to transmitter over both systems. That data originates from GatesAir’s Flexiva FMXi 4g, an embedded HD Radio solution that combines the traditionally separate “Importer” and “Exporter” functions. The FMXi 4g also builds HD Radio diversity delay into its platform, so FM and HD time alignment is handled before all multiplexed digital signals leave the studio. At the transmitter site, the Flexiva FAX exciter amplifies all signals within the Flexiva FAX10 air-cooled transmitter, with HD Radio sidebands set to –14 dB.

GatesAir FMXI 4G Embedded HD Radio Program Importer/Exporter

The support from GatesAir continues to be top-notch. Like the Intraplex systems, they are always available and continue to respond quickly when we have questions months after the installation. That is clear evidence of their dedication to customer service.

Radio World User Reports are testimonial articles intended to help readers understand why a colleague chose a particular product to solve a technical situation.

For information, contact Keith Adams at GatesAir in Ohio at 1-513-459-3447 or visit www.gatesair.com.

The post User Report: GatesAir Networking Supports All-Digital STL appeared first on Radio World.

2wcom’s latest is the HDR-CC, an HD Radio capture client for the delivery of additional HD Radio channels.

The company explains that by using the unit, users can set-up the importer IP address and directly connect audio to the small box’s XLR connectors.

The box is able to accept one digital or analog stereo audio channel and provide it to an importer. The unit also sends the compressed audio via IP using an HD Radio codec. The HDR-CC can thus be located in a different location than the importer. Due to HDR-CC’s sound processing capabilities the loudness is almost the same as on the main program.

[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]

In addition, 2wcom says the unit simplifies audio switching for emergency alerts. Utilizing a new feature Xperi has implemented in Generation 4 importers, a single HDR-CC is able to provide the entire emergency alert for all supplemental channels on the transmitter.

The company points out that the only set-up required is an AES audio connection to the capture client and a GPI to trigger the alarm. When the alarm is triggered the HDR-CC logs into the importer and replaces all supplemental channels (HD2–HD4) with the alarm program. After the GPI is released the HDR-CC logs out and the importer continues with normal operation.

Info: www.2wcom.com

The post 2wcom Debuts HDR-CC appeared first on Radio World.

Jeff Chang

Jeff Chang is president and CEO of Chang Media Group, an owner of radio and TV stations in California along with digital properties.

In this Q&A he discusses how his media group, especially a sports talk radio station is surviving in the Coronavirus media environment. He was interviewed by Suzanne Gougherty, director of MMTC Media and Telecom Brokers at the Multicultural Media, Telecom and Internet Council. MMTC commentaries appear regularly in Radio World, which welcomes other points of view on industry issues.

Suzanne Gougherty: How do you oversee the operation of your radio station from a distance?

Jeff Chang: Since we launched, we have actually used a firm which handles the master control for many television and radio stations.

It’s been a vital part of our business model — our team can coordinate with them remotely regarding traffic, spots, and on-air promotions.

Gougherty: During the COVID-19 pandemic what has changed the most on the operational aspect of your station?

Chang: Well, we’re a sports station, affiliated with ESPN. So, the programming has obviously taken a hit. So it’s been a difficult period of predicting when sports will return to some normalcy, where the listeners will be enthusiastic again.

[Read: Keeping Afloat in the Age of the Coronavirus]

Gougherty: Is your IT person keeping your website and other social media platforms current? How do you manage that process?

Chang: Our IT lead works remotely as well. We’ve been keeping the social media platforms and our website current. While  there has been the interruption with live sports, the dialog always continues among sports fans. They still love their favorite teams and players. So, we’ve been a good forum for that.

Gougherty: During the pandemic have you made any changes to your programming?

Chang: We take the bulk of our programming directly from ESPN Radio. So, it’s been a significant change with the programming. The network has made some changes with the talent, and we’re excited with this. Since the NBA and MLB have restarted, we are also very happy that the games are back on the air.

Gougherty: Has your sales team been working from home and able to secure business? Have they been securing political advertising revenue thus far?

Chang: Yes, our sales team has been working at home. In addition to our ESPN Radio property, we also own television stations; so, they have been still active with all our platforms. It may be a bit more challenging now, but we’re a resilient company. We have always learned to seek opportunities as opposed to waiting for them to come to us.

Gougherty: What do you see as the new normal for your stations since the outbreak COVID-19?

Chang: We will probably keep using technology to our advantage, and allow our team to work remotely. Of course, there are some elements in running a station which can’t always be handled miles away, such as engineering or local promotions, so we always want to ensure those needs are always addressed as well. It’s a balancing act.

Gougherty: Since you air syndicated programming — ESPN what has been the benefit of being an affiliate?

Chang: ESPN has been very helpful during the difficult times. They keep us constantly up to date with their programming strategies. Moreover, they were proactive in hosting conference calls where we could receive input on how other ESPN stations were working with the challenging climate.

Gougherty: Do you have a main-studio?

Chang: While the programming is sent to our local market from a central location, we still maintain a local presence. We have team members in our market who work with the sales and promotions, as well as engineering. Since most of our stations are on the West Coast, we can still easily travel to our  markets.

 

The post Keeping Sports Hot in the Age of Coronavirus appeared first on Radio World.

An image from the RapidSOS website. The company highlights its use of “rich contextual emergency data” including location and crash information.

A business arm of SiriusXM that provides connected services to carmakers announced a partnership with a firm that connects devices to emergency communications centers.

SiriusXM Connected Vehicle Services and RapidSOS said their joint effort will digitally transmit vehicle crash data to 911 immediately following a crash-related vehicle emergency.

“By linking vehicle and crash data from SiriusXM Connected Vehicle Services’ ACN+ (Advanced Automatic Crash Notification with enhanced services) technology with the RapidSOS emergency response data platform, 911 personnel can be notified quicker and first responders can receive more critical information about the nature and severity of the vehicle emergency before arriving at the scene,” the companies stated.

[Read: SiriusXM Revenue Is Down; Meyer Calls Company “Resilient”]

The company said its connected vehicle service last year alerted 911 centers of hundreds of thousands of vehicle emergencies through verbal contact, but that the new arrangement will supplement that system because the data information can be imparted faster and is less prone to miscommunication.

Types of data that can be provided include location; airbag deployment; crash impact data such as front/rear/multiple impacts and rollovers; occupancy and so on.

The companies emphasized that speed of contact with emergency services can be crucial in cases of medical injury.

RapidSOS built what it calls “the world’s first emergency response data platform that securely links life-saving data from 350M+ connected devices directly to 911 and first responders.” It provides data that supports 4,700 Emergency Communications Centers.

The post SiriusXM Partners With RapidSOS appeared first on Radio World.

AT2020USB+V Cardioid Condenser USB Microphone (left) and AT2020V Cardioid Condenser Microphone

Audio-Technica has released new limited-edition AT2020 Series studio microphones — the AT2020V (standard) and the AT2020USB+V (USB model), each featuring a reflective silver finish.

The side-address condensers are equipped with low-mass diaphragms custom-engineered for extended frequency response and transient response. The mics’ cardioid polar pattern reduces pickup of sounds from the sides and rear, improving isolation of desired sound source. All models in the AT2020 mic line are aimed to provide a wide dynamic range and handle high SPLs. Both of the limited edition V models come with AT8458a shockmounts to attenuate noise, shock, or vibration transmitted through a mic stand, boom or mount.

[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]

The AT2020V is intended for vocal pickup in home-studio applications and features an analog XLR output for connection to a digital converter or mixer. The AT2020USB+V, applicable for podcasting, streaming, home studio recording and voiceover use provides the convenience of plug-and-play USB operation. The AT2020USB+V features a built-in high-output headphone amplifier with volume control that allows direct monitoring of the microphone signal with no delay.

It also offers a mix control that blends microphone and prerecorded audio. The microphone’s A/D converter has a 16-bit, 44.1/48 kHz sampling rate, and a 10-foot (3.1-meter) USB cable is included.

The microphones are currently available in the U.S. priced at $149 (AT2020V) and $199 (AT2020USB+V).

Info: www.audio-technica.com

The post Audio-Technica Unveils Limited Edition AT2020 Mics for Content Creators appeared first on Radio World.

Larry Wilkins, CPBE, is director of engineering services for the Alabama Broadcasters Association. This article is part of ABA’s Engineering Academy continuing education series.

Gain structure is a term used by professional sound engineers or FOH (front of house) mix engineers. However, the broadcast engineer should take note of it as well, even in digital operations.

What is gain structure?

Gain structure is exploiting the dynamic range of audio equipment to its best advantage, to minimize noise and unwanted distortion.

All audio equipment adds some noise to the signal, due to the random movement of electrons within the components. This noise is usually very low in amplitude, but when amplifying progressively smaller electrical signals, the noise will at some point overwhelm the sound we are trying to capture.

We need to ensure that the gain in each stage of electronic processing within a signal path is optimized to keep the signal level well above the noise floor, but comfortably below the circuitry’s clipping point.

Optimizing gain structure where several pieces of gear are connected together is even more demanding, as we need to ensure that every circuit is running at its optimum signal level, while still leaving the appropriate safety margin.

The ideal procedure when dealing with line-level signals is a unity gain situation where the signal stays at nominally the same level as it flows from device to device, rather than being constantly attenuated and then amplified, or vice versa.

Ideally the audio level (or video level, for that matter) should stay the same throughout the broadcast plant. You should be able to go to any point in the program path and the level remains the same.

We have mentioned this in previous ABA Engineering Academy articles, but it worth repeating: Start with drawing a signal flow chart for your station; include every device the signal goes through from the console to the transmitter. Next refer to the specification sheet for each device and write down the “clip level” for each one. The lowest clip level for a device in the path becomes your maximum “plant clip level.”

If the maximum plant clip level is +24 dBm, deduct 12 dB for headroom. Your operational clip level will be +12 dBm. Alignment level (using steady state tone) should be +4 dBm (0 vu). Peak audio levels should stay below +12 dBm.

If you are using digital audio, remember that the meter scale is different. Decibel full-scale (dBFS) is a unit of measure for the amplitude of digital audio signals. It is critical to understand: Though digital and analog signals have similarities, their characteristics differ significantly.

0 dBFS occurs when all the binary digits (bits) making up the digital signal are on, or read as ones and not zeroes in computer talk.

All of the bits available to make up the signal have been used at this finite point and no additional headroom exists. Trying to increase the level simply doesn’t work and causes immediate distortion.

Fig. 1 below illustrates the difference between analog and digital reference levels. The digital scale reads in negative numbers with louder, higher amplitude signals moving from a negative number closer to zero. Digital studios should standardize on a reference level of –20 dbfs as 0 VU.

Comparison of analog and digital reference levels.

Comment on this or any article. Email rweetech@gmail.com.

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